In some 70 countries around the world, an estimated 10-15 million artisanal and small-scale gold (ASG) miners generate 15-20 percent (200 – 300 tons) of the world’s annual gold production. ASG miners are often poor and vulnerable, as they lack titles to their mines and legal work contracts; they work under shoddy environmental and occupational safety and health standards; and they mine marginal and/or very small deposits. Many of them use mercury to amalgamate gold, which pollutes the land and local sources of water. In Ghana, there are an estimated one million artisanal and small-scale miners, while in the Philippines there are 300,000. In both countries, tens of thousands of children work in underground shafts, carry heavy loads, and use mercury to separate gold from sediment with their bare hands. These activities expose them to labor exploitation, physical injuries, harmful dust, and mercury fumes. Although Ghana and the Philippines have made efforts to tackle the situation, they have not fully enforced laws related to ASG mining and child labor; they have not formalized ASG mining activities or monitored gold supply chains; and they have not addressed poverty and social exclusion in ASG mining communities.