Child Labor and Forced Labor Reports
Burma
No Advancement – Efforts Made But Complicit in Forced Child Labor
In 2022, Burma is receiving an assessment of no advancement. Despite initiatives to address child labor, Burma is assessed as having made no advancement because it demonstrated complicity in the use of forced child labor. During the reporting period, the regime’s military continued to force civilians, including children, to work in non-combat roles as porters, cleaners, cooks, and agricultural laborers in conflict areas. Otherwise, Burma made efforts by enacting the Prevention and Suppression of Trafficking in Persons Law, which establishes that a child trafficking offense does not require a demonstration of force, fraud, or coercion. Children in Burma are subjected to the worst forms of child labor, including in the forced recruitment of children for use in armed conflict by armed groups, and in commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking. The vulnerability of Rohingya children to the worst forms of child labor remained high as many continued to be denied access to education and livelihoods because of restrictions on their movements imposed by the regime. The regime also has not published a hazardous work list of activities prohibited for children, as required by the Child Rights Law. In addition, the regime did not publish information on its labor or criminal law enforcement efforts.
Table 1 provides key indicators on children's work and education in Burma.
| Children | Age | Percent |
|---|---|---|
| Working (% and population) | 5 to 14 | 0.4 (39,370) |
| Working children by sector | 5 to 14 | |
| Agriculture | 57.5 | |
| Industry | 11.2 | |
| Services | 31.3 | |
| Attending School (%) | 5 to 14 | 95.3 |
| Combining Work and School (%) | 7 to 14 | 0.1 |
| Primary Completion Rate (%) | 95.4 |
Source for primary completion rate: Data from 2018, published by UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2023. (1)
Source for all other data: International Labor Organization's analysis of statistics from Labour Force Survey (LFS), 2019. (2)
Based on a review of available information, Table 2 provides an overview of children's work by sector and activity.
| Sector/Industry | Activity |
|---|---|
| Agriculture | Farming, including rubber, sugarcane, beans and pulses, rice, betel nut, and bamboo (2,3-7) |
| Fishing and processing fish and seafood (2-3,5,6,9) | |
| Forestry, including on teak plantations (2,9-11) | |
| Industry | Producing garments (7,12) |
| Construction and carrying stones (2,4,8) | |
| Quarrying and mining, including for jade and rubies (2,4,10,13,14) | |
| Services | Domestic work (2,6,8,15) |
| Working in teashops and restaurants, including waiting tables and washing dishes (2,6,8) | |
| Vending, including in fish markets, collecting garbage and recyclables, and working in transportation (5,8,10,16) | |
| Categorical Worst Forms of Child Labor‡ | Forced recruitment of children by state and non-state armed groups for use in armed conflict (8,6,17,18) |
| Forced labor in agriculture, including harvesting bamboo and producing beans, rice, rubber, sugarcane, and teak (4,8,11) | |
| Forced labor in manufacturing bricks and construction (8) | |
| Forced labor in domestic work, teashops, and begging (6,10,13,15) | |
| Commercial sexual exploitation, sometimes as a result of human trafficking (6,8) |
‡ Child labor understood as the worst forms of child labor per se under Article 3(a)–(c) of ILO C. 182.
In 2022, the national military's continued self-reliance policy, which requires military forces to provide their own food and labor from local communities, led some units to force children and other civilians to work in non-combat roles, including portering, cooking, camp maintenance, farming, and other activities. (19,20) Border guard and non-state armed forces have also recruited and used children in armed conflict during the reporting period. (3,8) In addition, civilian brokers with military connections sometimes altered birthdates on identity documents to facilitate the entry of underage recruits into the military, and some children of military personnel have been forced to receive military training. (4,13,21,22)
Since the military perpetuated widespread ethnic cleansing of Rohingya people in northern Rakhine State in August 2017, hundreds of thousands of Rohingya, including over 495,000 children, have fled from Burma to Bangladesh, making them vulnerable to the worst forms of child labor. (6,23- 25) Rohingya children residing in camps for refugees and IDP are at an increased risk of the worst forms of child labor, including forced labor and sex trafficking, due to lack of schools, movement restrictions, discriminatory policies and practices, and school closures as a consequence of ongoing violence, especially in Muslim villages. (6,8,26-29) The regime tightened movement restrictions on the Rohingya population, leading to the arrests of 2,000 people, including children, during the reporting period. (20,30) Children, particularly girls, are leaving these camps to immigrate to countries such as Malaysia for marriages, but often find themselves in situations of forced labor, including domestic work—a sector for which the regime has yet to pass a child labor law. (15,27,31-33)
School attendance is dramatically lower post-COVID-19 pandemic and after the February 1, 2021, coup. Exact percentages are unknown, as many parents refuse to enroll their children in regime-controlled schools, and many teachers joined the Civil Disobedience Movement and refuse to teach in schools controlled by the regime. (8) Moreover, schools throughout the country are regularly attacked by the military regime and non-state armed groups, particularly in the Sagaing region and Shan and Kachin States. Attacks on schools rose dramatically during the reporting period, often resulting in the death or injury of children. (8,19,34-36) Regime forces also continued to occupy schools, further disrupting education and exposing children and teachers to violence. (19,22) In addition, reports show that personnel in the military regime have killed teachers in non-regime-controlled areas for establishing community schools for children. (34,35) Other barriers to education in the country include costs associated with travel to schools located long distances away, a lack of schools and teachers, and expenses that include uniforms, books, transportation, and extra fees charged by teachers and schools. These barriers often lead children to discontinue their studies after primary school, increasing their vulnerability to the worst forms of child labor. (8,24) Refugee children and children from ethnic communities who speak different languages also face barriers to education because ethnic languages are prohibited from being spoken in schools and the curriculum is only taught in Burmese. (8,24,37) Moreover, Burmese law guarantees education only for Burmese citizens, and Rohingya are often denied nationality identity cards due to discriminatory regime policies. (6,8,18,28,38)
Burma has ratified all key international conventions concerning child labor (Table 3).
| Convention | Ratification |
| ILO C. 138, Minimum Age | ✓ |
| ILO C. 182, Worst Forms of Child Labor | ✓ |
| UN CRC | ✓ |
| UN CRC Optional Protocol on Armed Conflict | ✓ |
| UN CRC Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography | ✓ |
| Palermo Protocol on Trafficking in Persons | ✓ |
The regime has laws and regulations related to child labor (Table 4). However, gaps exist in Burma's legal framework to adequately protect children from the worst forms of child labor, including the lack of comprehensive hazardous work prohibitions.
| Standard | Meets International Standards | Age | Legislation |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum Age for Work | Yes | 14 | Chapter XIV, Section 48(b) of the Child Rights Law; Section 75 of the Factories Act; Article 14 of the Shops and Establishments Law (39-41) |
| Minimum Age for Hazardous Work | Yes | 18 | Chapter 1, Sections 3(b) and 3(t)(4), Chapter XIV, Section 48(a), and Chapter XXVII, Section 103(a)(3) of the Child Rights Law (41) |
| Identification of Hazardous Occupations or Activities Prohibited for Children | No | Sections 25 and 29 of the Factories Act; Article 14(d) of the Shops and Establishments Law; Rule 146 of the 2018 Mining Rules (39,40,42) | |
| Prohibition of Forced Labor | Yes | Chapter I, Section 3(t) and Chapter XXVII, Sections 103(a)(2) and 106 of the Child Rights Law; Sections 3 and 25 of the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law; Sections 370, 371, and 374 of the Penal Code; Section 27(a) of the Ward or Village Tracks Administrative Law (41,43-45) | |
| Prohibition of Child Trafficking | Yes | Chapter I, Section 3(s)–(t) and Chapters XVII, Sections 103 and 106, and XVIII, Section 66 of the Child Rights Law; Sections 3, 25, 26, and 35 of the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Law; Sections 372 and 366(a) of the Penal Code (41,43,45) | |
| Prohibition of Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children | Yes | Chapter I, Section 3(t)(2), Chapter XVIII, Section 66, and Chapter XXVII, Section 105(b) of the Child Rights Law; Sections 372 and 373 of the Penal Code (41,43) | |
| Prohibition of Using Children in Illicit Activities | No | Chapter 1, Section 3(t)(3) and Chapter XIV, Section 48(a) of the Child Rights Law; Sections 20(a) and 22(c) of the Narcotics and Psychotropic Substances Law (41,46) | |
| Minimum Age for Voluntary State Military Recruitment | Yes | 18 | Chapter XVII, Section 63(a–b) of the Child Rights Law; Part I of People's Military Service Law; 1974 Regulation for Persons Subject to the Defense Services Act (War Office Council Instruction 13/73) (41,47-49) |
| Prohibition of Compulsory Recruitment of Children by (State) Military | Yes* | Chapter XVII, Section 63(a) of the Child Rights Law (41) | |
| Prohibition of Military Recruitment by Non-state Armed Groups | Yes | Chapter XVII, Section 64(a–b) and Chapter XXVII, Section 104(b) of the Child Rights Law (41) | |
| Compulsory Education Age | No | 10‡ | Chapter XIV, Section 48(b) of the Child Rights Law; Section 4(j) of the National Education Law (41,50) |
| Free Public Education | Yes | Chapter XIII, Section 46(b) of the Child Rights Law; Articles 14(a) and 16(a) of the National Education Law (41,50) |
* Country has an inactive military conscription (51)
‡ Age calculated based on available information (37,52)
In 2022, the regime enacted the updated Prevention and Suppression of Trafficking in Persons Law, which removed the requirement to demonstrate force, fraud, or coercion to prosecute child trafficking cases. (8,45) The regime also enacted the Organization Registration Law, which reportedly will constrain operations for both domestic and international NGOs. It is unclear whether this law will also hinder their ability to provide services to exploited children. (20,35,53,54)
Although Burmese law prohibits persons under the age of 18 from joining the armed forces, the regime did not take action to enforce this during the reporting period. (8) In addition, Burma has higher penalties for perpetrators who use children in the production or trafficking of drugs; however, the law defines children as those under age 16, while international standards regarding illicit activities define children as those below the age of 18. (9,46) Moreover, although Burma's Child Rights Law mandates the creation of a hazardous work list, Burma has not published a hazardous work list. (8) Additionally, school is only required for children through age 10; however, the minimum age for work is age 14. (37,50) This does not meet international standards because the compulsory schooling age does not meet the minimum age for work of 14.
The regime has institutional mechanisms for the enforcement of laws and regulations on child labor (Table 5). However, gaps exist within the operations of enforcement agencies that may hinder adequate enforcement of their child labor laws.
| Organization/Agency | Role & Activities |
|---|---|
| Ministry of Labor — Factories and General Labor Laws Inspection Department (FGLLID) | Inspects factories, shops, and establishments for child labor law violations. (39,40) Only mandated to inspect for child labor in manufacturing establishments and factories as laid out in the Factories Law (1951) and the Shops and Establishment Law (2016). (8) Certain sectors in which child labor is reported to occur—including agriculture, construction, mining, and fishing—are outside of the purview of FGLLID and are, therefore, not subject to inspections. (8) |
| Ministry of Home Affairs – Myanmar Police Force, Anti-Trafficking in Persons Division (ATIPD) | Investigates human trafficking crimes and engages in prevention efforts through its 32 regional Anti-Trafficking Task Force police units. (7,8) Also oversees three specialized Child Protection Units in Rangoon, Mandalay, and Nay Pyi Daw to address child exploitation cases, including child trafficking, and uses formal written procedures to screen victims. (7) ATIPD operates nine 24/7 hotlines for reporting human trafficking cases. (6) In 2022, ATIPD reported four trafficking cases involving six children. The current status of these cases is unknown. (7) |
| Ministry of Legal Affairs | Previously named the Union Attorney General's Office. (3) Responsible for prosecuting human trafficking crimes. Coordinators act as district-level human trafficking focal points, helping to build prosecutorial expertise, collect and report data, support coordination between prosecutors and police, create focused training opportunities, and improve prosecution records related to human trafficking throughout the country. (8) The Ministry of Legal Affairs did not publish comprehensive data on human trafficking prosecutions in 2022. (7,8) |
Labor Law Enforcement
Research did not find information on whether labor law enforcement agencies in Burma took actions to address child labor.
| Overview of Labor Law Enforcement | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Labor Inspectorate Funding | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Number of Labor Inspectors | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Mechanism to Assess Civil Penalties | Yes (39,40) | Yes (39,40) |
| Training for Labor Inspectors Provided | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Number of Labor Inspections Conducted at Worksite | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Number of Child Labor Violations Found | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Number of Child Labor Violations for Which Penalties Were Imposed | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Number of Child Labor Penalties Imposed that Were Collected | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Routine Inspections Conducted | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Routine Inspections Targeted | Unknown (3) | No (8) |
| Unannounced Inspections Permitted | Yes (39,40) | Yes (39,40) |
| Unannounced Inspections Conducted | Unknown (3) | Unknown (7,8) |
| Complaint Mechanism Exists | Yes (3) | Unknown (6,8) |
| Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Labor Authorities and Social Services | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
Due to widespread armed conflict in Burma following the 2021 military coup, the military regime was unable to enforce child labor laws in approximately half of the country. (8) Many labor inspectors left their jobs to join the pro-democracy movement after the coup, which, in addition to pandemic and conflict-related travel restrictions, limited the Ministry of Labor's ability to carry out inspections. (3,11) Reports also indicate that training for labor inspectors is insufficient, and there is a lack of funding to cover transportation and equipment for labor inspections. (10,55) When labor inspections do occur, they are generally limited to Burma's major urban centers, leaving children in remote rural areas unprotected. (55,56) In addition, previous reports indicated that factory owners are often told in advance when an inspection will occur, and labor inspectors often neglect to speak with workers. (10,55) Research indicates that Burma does not have an adequate number of labor inspectors to carry out their mandated duties. (3,8,55,57,58)
On the rare occasion that penalties are imposed for labor violations, they are often too low to act as a disincentive for most medium to large enterprises. (8) Moreover, although the 2019 Child Rights Law specifies that the Department of Social Welfare within the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement (MSWRR) is the official body responsible for the care of child labor victims, regulations regarding implementation of the law are pending, and research was unable to determine whether this agency received referrals from labor inspectors during the reporting period. (8) Further, it is unclear whether the National Complaints Mechanism for Forced Labor, which was established by the previous government, is functioning. (6,20)
Criminal Law Enforcement
Research did not find information on whether criminal law enforcement agencies in Burma took actions to address child labor (Table 7).
| Overview of Criminal Law Enforcement | 2021 | 2022 |
|---|---|---|
| Training for Criminal Investigators Provided | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Number of Investigations | 5 (3) | 4 (8) |
| Number of Prosecutions Initiated | 5 (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Number of Convictions | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Imposed Penalties for Violations Related to the Worst Forms of Child Labor | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
| Reciprocal Referral Mechanism Exists Between Criminal Authorities and Social Services | Unknown (3) | Unknown (8) |
In 2022, community-based human trafficking identification teams received training on screening and interviewing human trafficking victims in accordance with the 2022 Trafficking in Persons Law. MSWRR also provided representatives from various regime departments with training on standard operating procedures for human trafficking crimes. (8) Although the regime reported that it prosecuted four child trafficking cases during the reporting period, information about the nature of these cases is unavailable. (8) Research also indicates that nearly 7,000 police officers have left the Myanmar Police Force since the coup in 2021, which has resulted in regions throughout the country lacking sufficient enforcement coverage. (4,31,34,59)
While the national military has previously taken action against military officials for crimes related to the recruitment of children, most of these cases reportedly culminated in reprimands, demotions, relocations, fines, or decreases in pensions—penalties significantly less than the prison sentences that are prescribed by law. (4,9,10,21,60) The regime did not make information public regarding the investigation, prosecution, or sentencing of military officials related to the military recruitment of children during the reporting period. (8) In more than isolated instances, children associated with non-state armed groups have been detained and arrested, rather than being referred to appropriate victim support services. In addition, some children have been detained in a military interrogation center for periods ranging from 2 days to several weeks. (19,34)
The government has established a key mechanism to coordinate its efforts to address child labor (Table 8). However, gaps exist that hinder the effective coordination of efforts to address child labor, including a lack of coordination across government agencies.
| Coordinating Body | Role & Activities |
|---|---|
| National Committee on Child Labor Eradication | Oversees the implementation of the Myanmar Child Labor Eradication Project. (8) Chaired by the Vice Chairman of State Administration Council and includes 39 members, including representatives from 13 government ministries, the chief ministers of 10 states, the mayors of Rangoon and Mandalay, unions, and employer and civil society organizations. (8) Although this committee held its fifth coordination meeting in October 2022, the specific activities carried out by this committee during the reporting year are unknown. (7,8) |
The regime's Committee on Prevention of Recruitment of Child Soldiers is the designated interagency coordination body to address child soldier issues and is the only agency within the regime that works with the UN Country Taskforce on Monitoring and Reporting. (8) There are reports that this committee had an overwhelming backlog of child soldier cases in 2022. (8,19) In addition, research indicates that since the 2021 coup, the regime continues to be hampered by limited interministerial coordination to address child labor issues. (13,20)
The regime has established policies related to child labor (Table 9). However, policy gaps exist that hinder efforts to address child labor, including the lack of policies that address all relevant worst forms of child labor.
| Policy | Description & Activities |
|---|---|
| Myanmar National Action Plan on Elimination of Child Labor (2019–2023) | Established in partnership with the ILO. Aims to eliminate child labor, including hazardous child labor. (61) Research was unable to determine whether the regime conducted any activities to implement the plan during the reporting period. (8) |
| Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan (2018–2030) | Sets out a strategy to expand social protection services, including the introduction of measures to keep children enrolled in schools and out of child labor. (62) In particular, Action Plan Item 4.3.6 specifically addresses eliminating child labor by preventing school dropouts. (10,62) Research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the plan during the reporting period. (8) |
| 5-Year National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons (2022–2027) † | Aims to eliminate internal and cross-border trafficking in persons and to prevent new forms of trafficking. Implemented by the Central Body for Suppression of Trafficking in Persons. (8) The regime did not consult with the Human Trafficking Working Group in the development of the plan, departing from the practices of the former government. (8) The regime also has not published this plan, and as a result, research was unable to determine its contents, scope, and objectives. Moreover, research was unable to determine whether activities were undertaken to implement the plan during the reporting period. (7,8) |
† Policy was approved during the reporting period.
Although Burma has adopted the 5-Year National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, research found no evidence of a policy specific to other worst forms of child labor, including forced child labor or commercial sexual exploitation of children. (8)
In 2022, the regime funded and participated in programs that include the goal of eliminating or preventing child labor (Table 10). However, gaps exist in these social programs, including inadequate programs to address all worst forms of child labor.
| Program | Description & Activities |
|---|---|
| Hotlines | UNICEF and World Vision-operated hotlines for reporting suspected cases of child recruitment or use of children by Burma’s military, which remain active. (63) World Vision reported receiving 11 calls from the hotline in 2022, 8 of which were referred as suspected cases of the recruitment of minors. (8) Specific actions taken by the government to support the hotlines were not specified during the reporting period. (8) |
For information about USDOL’s projects to address child labor around the world, visit https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/ilab-project-page-search
The primary challenges to addressing child labor and forced labor issues include lack of resources and personnel, lack of understanding of victim integration, and decentralization of responsibility to state and regional authorities. (20,21,55,64) As a result, the responsibility for protecting, rehabilitating, and reintegrating victims of forced child labor largely falls on civil society organizations and international NGOs. The government also lacks sufficient social programs to adequately address all worst forms of child labor, including forced child labor and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. (8)
Based on the reporting above, suggested actions are identified that would advance the elimination of child labor in Burma (Table 11).
| Area | Suggested Action | Year(s) Suggested |
|---|---|---|
| Legal Framework | Determine by national law or regulation the types of hazardous work prohibited for children as required by the Child Rights Law. | 2019 – 2022 |
| Provide criminal penalties for the use, procuring, and offering of children under age 18 for illicit activities, including in the production and trafficking of drugs. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Raise the minimum age for compulsory education from age 10 to age 14 so it is consistent with the minimum age for admission to work. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Enforcement | Provide adequate funding and equipment to the labor inspectorate. | 2019 – 2022 |
| Employ at least 565 labor inspectors to ensure adequate coverage of the labor force of approximately 22.6 million people. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that labor inspections occur outside of the main urban centers and in all sectors in which child labor is known to occur, including agriculture, mining, construction, and fishing. | 2019 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that labor inspectors and criminal investigators receive sufficient training on child labor. | 2020 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that prior notice of unannounced inspections is not given to factory owners and that inspectors interview workers when conducting labor inspections. | 2019 – 2022 | |
| Publish data related to labor law enforcement, including funding for the labor inspectorate, number of labor inspectors, whether training was provided for new and existing labor inspectors, number of labor inspections conducted, number of child labor violations found, whether routine and unannounced inspections were conducted, and whether a complaint mechanism and reciprocal referral mechanism exist. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that labor inspectors refer survivors of child labor to the Department of Social Welfare for social services. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that penalties for labor law violations are severe enough to deter violations. | 2019 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that the National Complaints Mechanism for Forced Labor is adequately funded and staffed to receive complaints related to forced labor. | 2020 – 2022 | |
| Publish data related to criminal law enforcement, including the number of investigations conducted, prosecutions initiated, convictions achieved, and penalties imposed related to child labor, as well as information on training for criminal investigators and whether a reciprocal referral mechanism exists between criminal authorities and social services providers. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Cease the practice of arresting and detaining victims of the worst forms of child labor and ensure that they are referred to the appropriate social services. | 2022 | |
| Improve oversight of military policy and monitoring of recruitment procedures to prevent the recruitment of children as front-line combatants by the national military and non-state armed groups in conflict areas. | 2017 – 2022 | |
| Ensure that the Myanmar Police Force has sufficient resources, specifically an adequate number of police officers and supporting personnel, to investigate alleged child labor crimes, including in rural areas. | 2022 | |
| Ensure that penalties imposed for the recruitment and use of children in the military are commensurate with the seriousness of these crimes. | 2017 – 2022 | |
| Coordination | Ensure frequent and regular coordination, including communication, across all government ministries related to the worst forms of child labor. | 2019 – 2022 |
| Ensure that the National Committee on Child Labor Eradication is active and able to carry out its intended mandate. | 2020 – 2022 | |
| Remedy the backlog of child soldier cases in the Committee on Prevention of Recruitment of Child Soldiers. | 2022 | |
| Government Policies | Adopt a policy that addresses all worst forms of child labor, including forced child labor and commercial sexual exploitation. | 2016 – 2022 |
| Ensure that activities are undertaken to implement all child labor policies, including the Myanmar Sustainable Development Plan, the Five-Year National Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons, and the Myanmar National Action Plan on Elimination of Child Labor (2019–2023), and publish results from activities implemented on an annual basis. | 2020 – 2022 | |
| Social Programs | Remove restrictions and barriers to education access for Rohingya children, such as citizenship requirements for them to attend school. | 2017 – 2022 |
| Develop and implement education programs that reduce physical barriers for children who live long distances from schools, eliminate prohibitive expenses for attending school, and accommodate children who face language barriers, including those from ethnic communities. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Develop and implement a program that ensures the safe return of Rohingya refugees, including children, to Rakhine State. | 2018 – 2022 | |
| Develop and implement programs to address all worst forms of child labor, including forced child labor, and the commercial sexual exploitation of children. | 2016 – 2022 | |
| Make efforts to prevent schools from being attacked by withdrawing military regime personnel and members of non-state armed groups from occupied schools. | 2022 | |
| Ensure that the Ministry of Social Welfare, Relief and Resettlement has sufficient resources and personnel to provide services to victims of the worst forms of child labor, including reintegration support at the Department of Rehabilitation. | 2016 – 2022 |
- UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Gross intake ratio to the last grade of primary education, both sexes (%). Accessed March 15, 2023. For more information, please see “Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions” in the Reference Materials section of this report.
http://data.uis.unesco.org/ - ILO. Analysis of Child Economic Activity and School Attendance Statistics from National Household or Child Labor Surveys. Original data from Labour Force Survey (LFS), 2019. Analysis received March 2023. Please see "Children's Work and Education Statistics: Sources and Definitions" in the Reference Materials section of this report.
- U.S. Embassy- Rangoon. Reporting. January 27, 2022.
- U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2020: Burma. Washington, D.C., June 16, 2020.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-trafficking-in-persons-report/burma/ - ILO. Agricultural Sub-sector Child Labor Survey: Children working in the cultivation and processing of Inland Fishing Stocks, Sugarcane, and Beans and Pulses in Myanmar. 2016.
http://www.ilo.org/ipecinfo/product/download.do?type=document&id=29335 - U.S. Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report- 2022: Burma. Washington, D.C., July 19, 2022.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/ - U.S. Embassy- Rangoon official. E-mail communication to USDOL official. January 30, 2023.
- U.S. Embassy- Rangoon. Reporting. January 18, 2023.
- ILO Committee of Experts. Individual Observation Concerning the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Myanmar (ratification: 2013). Published: 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:13100:0::NO::P13100_COMMENT_ID:3956513 - U.S. Embassy- Rangoon. Reporting. January 31, 2020.
- U.S. Embassy- Rangoon. Reporting. January 22, 2022.
- Theuws, Martje, and Pauline Overeem. The Myanmar Dilemma: Can the garment industry deliver decent jobs for workers in Myanmar? Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations. SOMO. August 2017.
https://www.somo.nl/the-myanmar-dilemma/ - U.S. Embassy- Rangoon. Reporting. February 14, 2020.
- U.S. Embassy- Rangoon. Reporting. February 14, 2018.
- ILO Committee of Experts. Direct Request concerning the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182) Myanmar (ratification: 2013). Published: 2019.
https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:13100:0::NO::P13100_COMMENT_ID:3956517 - Human Rights Now. Child Labour in the Myanmar Fishing Sector. October 2018.
http://hrn.or.jp/eng/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/HRN_Child_Labour_in_the_Myanmar_Fishing_Sector_2018.pdf - UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict: A/74/845–S/2020/525. New York, June 9, 2020.
https://undocs.org/S/2020/525 - Targeted News Service. Fortify Rights: Myanmar—Ongoing Human Rights Violations Against Rohingya. December 6, 2019. Source on file.
- UN Representative Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict. UN reporting 2022. October 25, 2022. Source on file.
- U.S. Embassy- Rangoon. Reporting. March 3, 2023.
- U.S. Department of State. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices- 2020: Burma. Washington, D.C., March 30, 2021.
https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/BURMA-2020-HUMAN-RIGHTS-REPORT.pdf - UN Human Rights Council. A/HRC/49/76 Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in Myanmar. Geneva. March 16, 2022.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc4976-report-special-rapporteur-situation-human-rights-myanmar-thomas - IOM. Thousands at Risk of Trafficking Amid Rohingya Refugee Crisis. July 31, 2018.
https://www.iom.int/news/thousands-risk-trafficking-amid-rohingya-refugee-crisis-iom - Human Rights Watch. Rohingya: Donors Should Require Including Education. New York: Human Rights Watch, October 22, 2020.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/10/22/rohingya-donors-should-require-including-education - United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Situation of human rights in Myanmar since 1 February 2022. March 2, 2023. Source on file.
- UN Security Council. Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in Myanmar. October 29, 2018: S/2018/956.
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